Analysis of Small Molecule Analogues of the helminth immunomodulator Dissertation

Analysis of Small Molecule Analogues of the parasitic plant louse immunomodulator ES-62 for inhibitory make on mast cell function - Dissertation ExampleHowever, particularly in countries where helminth infections are endemic, these infirmitys remain comparatively rare. There is increasing evidence indicating that helminth infections and instigative diseases share an inverse relationship. Therefore, helminths run through been the focus of recent studies. William Harnett and his team discovered an immunomodulator ES-62 secreted by a parasitic worm that is known to hold a strong cure for allergic and autoimmune diseases, such as asthma and arthritis. However, there are some practical implications associated with a high level of ES-62 takings that renders it unable to be used as a drug. Hence, it is hypothesized that synthesis of ES-62 derived SMAs based around its Phosphorylcholine moiety can mimic the effect of the parent molecule and hand over a potential to be used as a drug f or clinical trials. This project investigated the effect of SMAs on mast cells by implementing the Rat Basophilic leukaemia degranulation study in which SMA 53 and SMA S3 were found to inhibit Fc?RI-mediated mast cell proliferation. Also, a substantial decrease was observed in IL-6 and TNF-? cytokines production. The data presented here established that some SMAs sure enough have potential to induce the same effects as ES-62 and thus to be used as a therapeutic agent. Introduction Tropical parasites disease affects millions of people throughout the developing world. These infectious diseases cause long term suffering which leads to significant economical damage. For this reason, The World Health Organization has committed to guard and extirpate many of the most costly diseases (W.H.O, 1990). 1.1 Filarial nematode Filarial nematodes are thread like worms that infect up to 1/3 of the adult male population and cause diseases such as river blindness and elephantiasis (Harnett and Ha rnett, 2010). People infected by these worms appear to be comparatively asymptomatic, even when they are carrying a pronounced parasite burden (Harnett et al., 2010). According to a number of reviews, infected individuals can harbour more than one type of parasite, but major tissue habitants of piece are the filarial nematodes which usually live in the lymphatic system or the subcutaneous tissue (Harnett and Harnett, 2008a Schmidt and Roberts, 1989). Infection with such worms is transmitted to humans by blood-sucking insects that act as an intermediate host they do this by transferring L3 stage larvae to humans (Harnett and Harnett, 2008a). Fig. 1 This diagram illustrates the life cycle of filarial nematode and how the worm is transmitted into the human body 6. The duration of these infections are very long as an individual worm can survive for up to 10 years, which indicates the greatness of this parasitic worm in the medical field (Harnett et al., 2010 Harnett and Harnett, 2008 a W.H.O, 2000). Over the past decade it has been hypothesised that filarial nematodes may protect against autoimmune and allergic inflammations. For this reason, parasitic nematodes have been involved in many recent studies and there is now enough evidence to prove that nematode-derived immunomodulators play a fundamental role in preventing inflammatory diseases in the human populat

Congress and State legislatures policy communication Assignment

relation and State legislatures policy communication - Assignment drillCommunicating these systems pose a challenge as no precise meaning faeces be conveyed. The US Department of Health and Human serve as an example consists of many offices that are faced with communication problems. Practical implementation of public policies is difficult since there are no clear directives that can be followed (Hayes, 2013). Guidelines induce meaning to a system, therefore, when they lack clarity, implementation becomes difficult.A vague policy is used to create an impression on the service telephone receiver that something is being done to solve a problem (Hayes, 2013). Vague and ambiguous policies are deliberately passed to give reassurance to the people and give them confidence in the Congress and Legislature. Vague policies give the President and Congress an opportunity to claim credit for the high-sounding principles enacted into law (Fonow. and Cook, 2014). The hot seat and Congress can avoid taking business for any unpopular actions that administrators must take to implement new policies.Vague public policies lack accuracy and consistency in transmission creating biases in adaptation from the people who disagree with the policy. A struggle comes about in maintaining accurate communications of these policies as no precise meaning is conveyed. There cannot be potent implementation of public policies since there are no clear directives that can be followed. Vague policy communication is useful in cases where Congress and the president do not know what to do about a problem. They create an impression to the service recipient that something is being done to solve a problem. They give the president and Congress an opportunity to avoid taking responsibility for any unpopular actions that administrators must take to implement new

Future of American Transportation Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Future of American hexation Policy - Essay ExampleTransport is very important for any society to flourish, and in advanced countries like America, the study for automated or motorized mobility has evolved and increased significantly since the 1970s. Due to the fact that the transport sector is highly dependent on carbon fuels, it is expected to account for a large portion glasshouse gas emitted into the air in developed countries like the U.S.A. in the future, and contribute greatly to global climate change.However, about 70% of world population lives in developing regions, where per capita strike demand is currently low. Future trends in mobility-both passenger and freight-in these regions will be of critical importance for the worlds fuel supply and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions over the 21st century.Many precedent studies dealing with travel demand have tended to focus on a very detailed level and short clock time horizon, and are therefore of special(a) use for examining the long-term issues outlined above. This paper will also analyse the future demand for motorized transportation.Since the 1980s, when the Just-In-Time (JIT) practices were popularised, the companies have strived to decrease inventory levels and increase boilersuit production costs. The JIT programs have had a good effect on service and production processes, and this success has also caused some changes in the transportation industry. Since Transport is ofttimes an activity that is induced either by production activities or by socio-cultural functions, it can be assessed within these categories, and it can also be assessed as a separate system. The demand for transport involves more than moving people and freight across certain distances it also has to do with speed. For example, looking through history, the sum up of time that people are willing to devote to travelling seems to be rather constant, across various world regions, and these days, the distances covered continue to inc rease, while the total amount of time spent on these distances remains constant, because of increased speed brought about by switching to faster means of transport.In all honesty, most people in the richer countries of the world would agree that we do enjoy our transportation systems. Our transport systems enable us to travel exactly when we want to, usually from door to door, whether we want to travel alone or with our family and friends, and we want to travel with our baggage or not. We get our goods delivered routinely by the freight distribution network, which supports our lifestyle, and satisfies our delivery needs, so why should we refer about the future of the transportation network and how the energy that drives our transportation might possibly be affecting our environment The reason is that the size of these transportation systems, and their evidently relentless growth cannot be overlooked.These systems consume fuels that are petroleum-based, like gasoline and diesel, on a very large scale. During combustion, the carbon that these fuels contain is oxidized to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, due to the fact that they are used so massively, the amount of carbon dioxide that gets

Human Resource Management of eBay in China Essay

Human Resource Management of eBay in China - Essay ExampleeBays failure in China is attributable to its rigid and product-centered approach that did not complement consumer behavior in China. Cultural take issueences, unique characteristics of Chinese consumers and hence their demands from e-shopping differ vastly from that of American buyers. This problem identification requires the development of appropriate solutions to economic aid eBay tackle the threat of dominant competition in China that is being constitute by Taobao. A success in doing so would allow eBay to bring the booming e-shopping market in China which is expected to grow to an astounding $315 meg dollars by 2015 and therefore, presents a monumental opportunity for eBay to move forward with its plans of global expansion. The composing proposes an incorporation of the expertise of local managers and workers in the operations of eBay China to mop up issues that are being comprise by cultural barriers. It should also be noted that this Human Resource Management initiative will also help in cost reduction and minimization. Diversity in a workforce is integral to idea generation and would also help redesign eBays furrow model to suit to the needs of the Chinese C2C market. Drawbacks of the proposed solution are also discussed and it is recommended that further reports are commissioned to assess the validity of the said drawbacks and how they should be minimized. contents 1.damage of Reference 3 2.Literature Review 5 3.Problem Identification 7 3.1 Background 7 3.2 Competition from Taobao 9 3.3 Cultural Issues 10 3.4 Unique Characteristics of Buyers 10 3.5 eBays Business Model 11 4.Evaluation of Alternatives 11 4.1Employing Local Managers 11 4.2Transferring Core Employees with Chinese Background 13 5.Recommendations 14 6.Reflective Appendix 15 References 17 1. Terms of Reference eBay is a global internet-based business that acts as an intermediary between consumer-to-consumer transactions for a wide range of products that include electronics, automobiles, clothing, sporting gear and several(prenominal) other products falling under various categories. eBay entered the Chinese market in 2003 through its acquisition of EachNet (Zhang et al. 2009) with hopes of gaining a considerable market share and to repeat the success that it had achieved in the U.S. However, as industry analysts would later report eBay failed to compete with the dominant force of Taobao a local website that was launched by Alibaba in hopes of battling the imminent threat that eBay posed to sellers in Chinas booming internet shopping market. While, commentators and analysts have evidently explained the reasons why eBay eventually could not make a significant touch on the online shopping market in China, it is important to note that much of that discussion has been directed towards assessing comparative analyses between the business models of eBay and its adversary Taobao. The purpose of this report ho wever, is to focus specifically on the Human Resource Management of eBay in China in order to utilize the evaluations derived from the assessment to propose recommendations and suggestions that could be undertaken by the multinational corporation. The report aims to do so by defining the problems and issues that eBay faced in the Chinese market which posed as obstacles in allowing the organization to capture a considerable market share within the industry in the face of tough competition. These main issues include exploring

Class Responses Week 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Class Responses Week 7 - Essay ExampleThis is usually because in-group usually has both personal and professional bondage with the attractor. The leader is aware of the different ways to deal with the members in the in-group. Contract staff is more distant because they have little time to bond with the rest of the team. I believe that managers should be trained to deal with contract staff so that they feel part of the in-group.I agree with you. Your example shows that TMX centric approach is non effective all the time. It creates a divide in the team which is difficult to handle. The work is also unevenly distributed in this kind of approach. The out-group does not participate as and this often creates issues in team which is difficult to handle. This approach does not discuss how to distribute work evenly. Also you have given a good steer on how to improve the approach by personally dealing with each member in order to include them in the group.I believe that your find shows th at TMX approach is not quite effective. Sometimes it blocks talent from emerging. Productivity really depends on how the subordinate connects with the leader. Sometimes the connection is slow to develop and this approach would have-to doe with how the subordinate works even later on.I agree with you that TMX can be effective in developing a sense of ownership among the employees with the organization. I think this approach is quite visible in the military. People in the military do tend to stick with groups and this brings out the problem with this

Tax advantages on buying your own home in Canada Research Paper

Tax advantages on buying your own alkali in Canada - Research Paper ExampleHome ownership is a lively subject that needs to be handled with c be in the recent past, most Canadians train never had the coveted opportunity of owning a home. Nevertheless, with the tax advantages in ramble much Canadians are having the opportunity to own a home. Every time one requires to purchase a house such(prenominal) a person must(prenominal) consider of the tax benefits involved in such an investment. The government has made frantic efforts to ensure that citizens are empowered to own homes. Therefore, households which purchase houses usually pee a great deal in savings. However, some(prenominal)(prenominal) restrictions and procedures control the tax benefits. It is therefore, critical that deliberate efforts are taken by potential homeowners to consult with several tax professionals such as accountants to help them to fully understand the benefits of owning a home. The subsequent paragraph illuminates the tax benefits of owning a home in Canada as closely as Professor Tristanis view that owning a home may not be advantageous after all. Tax Benefits of Owning a home Deductions on mortgage interest are one tax benefit that comes with owning a house in Canada. The Government in a bid to ensure that more households own homes has partnered with several commercial financial institutions such as banks with a view of effecting deductions on mortgage interest when the applicants meet some standards set (Canada, 2006). In fact, it is very possible for various(prenominal)s to be offered tax deductions for the interest payable on mortgage taken for purchase, of home or for improvement of home. It is worth noting that although there are several deductions on mortgage interest the procedures involved are quite elaborate. Therefore, expert guidance is required so that a potential homebuyer does not bunk the benefits that come with it (Andersen, 2009). Access Access to mortgage i s one critical achievement that the government can take credit for removal of the many restrictions that had barred several people from owning homes. For example, presently Canadians are not required to offer collateral on mortgagees, and this means that even people with average income who do not have assets have the opportunity of owning a home. Moreover, the many bureaucracies that characterized application to obtain a mortgage have been reduced considerably. What is more, even the rate of interest on mortgage is at all-time low at 4%. The other tax benefit of owning a home can be realized from the deductions that are pegged to home improvement and repairs. Improvement and repairs to home are crucial in the sense that they result in increasing the value of the house, make it to be used for a different purpose, or increasing its value. However, homeowner must be alive to the fact that ordinary cost incurred with maintaining the home do not qualify for deductions (Higgins, 2004). I t is currently possible for people to secure loans for repairs and improvement of the value of the house. This possibility has gone a long way to ensuring that majority of Canadians lengthen the useful period of their homes. When the individual applying for the mortgage follows the right procedures and meets the requirement for reduction, the individual will be offered a deduction on interest for a mortgage taken to facilitate repairs and concern of the house. Deducting of points and closing of costs is yet another tax benefit that is inherent in home ownership. Every other time when one secures a mortgage, such a mortgage is charged costs referred to as lender points. The faster the one pays up the mortgage and accruing interest the more points he is awarded. This means that depending on the points one has he can qualify for deduc

Suicide In Mental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Suicide In Mental health - Essay ExampleThe paper is issued by the UK Parliament as Command Paper, Cm 4386. The site provides access to the full-text of the report. (IntuteSocial Sciences,2006). The objective is to improve the wellness of everyone and the health of the worst off in particular.The program emphasizes on the fact that good health is inherent need of all, but many people spend most of their lives ill or transgress young from preventable diseases, this need should be effectively addressed with good support and the first comprehensive Government plan focused on the main(prenominal) killers cancer, coronary heart disease and stroke, accidents, mental illness. They emphasize on the tougher but attainable targets. The objective is to reduce the death rate in people chthonic 75 miserable from cancer by at least a one-fifth. The focus is to reduce the death rate in people under 75, suffering from coronary heart disease by at least two fifths. The death rates caused by ac cidents by at least a fifth and serious injuries caused by accidents by at least tenth. In the sensitive area of mental illness, to reduce the death rate from suicide and undetermined injury by at least a fifth. If these targets are achieved there is opportunity to save lives by preventing up to 300,000 untimely and unnecessary deaths. To achieve this target the government activity is putting in more money twenty one billion pounds for the NHS alone to secure a fitter population. The focus is also to raise ken first by tackling smoking as the single biggest preventable cause of poor health. The aim is to integrate Government, and local government work to improve health, stressing health improvement as a key role for the NHS. The emphasis is on high health standards for all, not just privileged few. can make a difference. We want to represent a new balance in which people, communities and Government work together in partnership to improve health. Our drive for better health is in line with a background of real improvement in health people live longer and healthier lives life expectancy is today 80 for women and 75 for men many infectious diseases of the past - such as cholera, diphtheria and polio - have been brought under control death in accouchement is now rare. But new problems arise, including AIDS and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. (Saving Lives Our Healthier Nation,1999). People can improve their own health, through physical activity, better nourishment and quitting smoking. Communities can tackle poor health, which springs too from a range of wider, community factors - including poverty, low wages, unemployment, poor education, sub-standard housing, crime and disorder and a polluted environment. (Saving Lives Our Healthier Nation,1999) Health inequality is widespread the most disadvantaged have suffered most from poor health. The Government is addressing inequality with a range of initiatives on education, welfare-to-work, housing, neighborho ods, transport and the environment which go out help improve health. As well as taking action on our key targets, we are also tackling other important health issues standardized sexual health, drugs, alcohol, food safety, water fluoridation and communicable diseases - to put our new approach into practice. We want to see healthier people in a healthier country. People improving their own health supported by communities working through local organizations against a backdrop of action by the Government. We want to see everyone take the